Archives for September 2018

Fredrick Douglas, a former African American slave, writes about sound in the context of slavery in the Narrative of the Life. He talks about sound in all sorts of contexts, such as the sounds of the slave driver’s horn, of the overseer’s voice, and the noises of the slaves themselves. Douglas explains that the slaves would use song as a coping mechanism and as a “testimony against slavery,” writing, “they (slaves) breathed the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish” (Douglas 14). Slaves used song as a way to deal with their pain and unhappiness and Douglas explains that it’s a common misconception that slaves would sing songs of contentment. Similarly, Stoever explains the concept of the “sonic color line” in the introduction of her study called The Sonic Color Line. She talks about the racial politics related to sound and the racial barrier that is set by society to create various groups of sound, more specifically black and white. This method of discrimination dates back to American slavery, which Douglas clearly explains when he talks about the relationship between slavery and music.

Today, this divide undoubtable still exists. There are countless examples of the “sonic color line,” that is defined by Stoever, in modern music. Some of these examples include how white Americans react to songs such as “Work” by Rihanna. Rihanna uses patois in the chart topping song “Work”, which a lot of white Americans ignorantly called “nonsense” instead of opening their mind to different black cultures. While white listeners may hear Rihanna’s “broken” English lyrics and think it’s gibberish, she is actually crafting a cultural dancehall song using language from Barbados, which is where Rihanna is from. White ignorance is outdated, yet so societally prevalent and this idea of a “sonic color line” seems to be an unfortunate and unavoidable method of separating cultures. I am curious if this sound base form of segregating different groups of people could ever be avoided. Could society ever unite with something as beautiful and unifying as song, or will races and cultures continue to be separated?

After going back and looking at the Frederick Douglass text I found a non traditional way to view the slave songs that are described and relate it to what was discussed the past few class periods. In class we spent a good amount of time discussing modern day sampling in music as well as cover songs, and how these samples and covers affect us as listeners. One recurring theme that seemed to be agreed upon by almost everyone who read the articles was the idea that a cover has the ability to completely change a song’s feeling and meaning. Generally covers or samples seem to stay closer to the original work stylistically but we can see this change in feeling or meaning in certain instances. This happens when the artist of the cover changes a fundamental aspect of the song. This can be the beat, singing style, lyric changing or a combination of these things. Frederick Douglass describes that the slaves, “Would sometimes sing the most pathetic sentiment in the most rapturous tone, and the most rapturous sentiment in the most pathetic tone.” In a way it can be said that when the slaves sung of the worst of their hardships in the happiest of styles, this is similar to a cover in a way. When covers of songs are sung and there are large changes to some aspect of the song we can have a very different perception of the song, and the song itself can appear to no longer be a part of the music it is accompanied by. When the slaves described by Douglass chose to sing the words of a very deep and saddening song in a generally positive style they changed how everyone who was not a slave perceived the music, as well as even some of the younger slaves (Douglass himself acknowledges he was no always aware what was being communicated through song.) The people who lived outside slavery paid more attention to how the songs were sung as opposed to the words themselves and ended up being deluded and thinking the slaves themselves were singing joyous songs, when in actuality they are singing of the most horrible things in their lives.

“I am going away to the Great House Farm!
O, yea! O, yea! O!”

This they would sing, as a chorus, to words which to many would seem unmeaning jargon, but which, nevertheless, were full of meaning to themselves. I have sometimes thought that the mere hearing of those songs would do more to impress some minds with the horrible character of slavery, than the reading of whole volumes of philosophy on the subject could do” ( Douglass 13-14).

The slaves from the time in which Douglass was a slave were often caught singing throughout different areas of their life. To an ignorant ear the slaves singing seemed like cries for joy and happiness. In fact, even as a slave Douglass could not truly understand the singing himself. In the later years of his life Douglass grew an understanding of the songs and lyrics and uses his new understanding to help the reader understand themselves. Many of the slaves sung as a cry for help from God.  The singing was an outlet from the horrible reality of the slaves. What was most important about the lyrics was how they told the truth about slavery and to any listener the understanding that what was going on (slavery) was cause for question of character.

Douglass speaks of tone when describing the signing of the slaves. How important is tone in understanding the mood and overall feelings in voice?

“The songs of the slave represent the sorrows of his heart; and he is relieved by them, only as an aching heart is relieved by its tears.”

 

Frederick Douglass had a way with words, an amazing feat considering the fact that he was born an African American slave in the American colonies, people not traditionally taught to read and write. As a result, not only did Douglass have to buy his own freedom in order to achieve this but he also had to teach himself to read and write once that freedom was bought. Once he had bought his freedom and learned how to read and write, Douglass finally had the tools needed to eternalize the struggle so many slaves could not as the vast majority of them were, in fact, illiterate. Douglass could now put the “songs of the slave represent[ative] of his heart” onto paper for all to read, marking one of the first firsthand explanations of the true sorrows of a slave. Douglass spoke from experience when he said that a slave is relieved by his song “only as an aching heart is relieved by its tears”. This metaphor asserts that a slave only sings in order to let go of some of their pain and sorrow, not in what appears to be a showing of enthusiastic joy at having been chosen to complete one of the most revered jobs on the plantation. Douglass states that he didn’t understand the meaning of those songs when he was a slave because he could not comprehend his woes while in their throes, but couldn’t he, as well as other slaves, have seen that their treatment and lives were absolutely horrible? I feel as if I would have noted that the clothes given to me were more than less than sustainable for a whole year if I had been a slave. Were the slaves simply choosing to be ignorant in the face of their oppressors or did they really not notice how much better their life could be?

 

Stover states very early on that “Race in America is a visual phenomenon.” (3) I found it interesting that how she then translates this largely visual form of discrimination into an auditory form by introducing the Sonic Color Line. Stover explains this term in saying “The Sonic Color Line connects sound with race in American culture, showing how listening operates as an organ of racial discernment, categorization, and resistance in the shadow of vision’s alleged cultural dominance.” (4) Something that appeared to me to challenge this concept is the example we viewed in class of Taylor Swifts cover of September, by Earth Wind & Fire. Although I struggled to find a clear definition of the characteristics of dividing line that Stover surrounds her essay around, she mentioned culture having a large role in the sonic color line. Listening and the way different people perceive sounds is somewhat subjective, so that should be kept in mind, however there is a cultural difference in the two distinct versions of September. Earth Wind & Fire’s music has spanned across many genres including, R&B, soul, jazz, and disco, which all have a certain culture surrounding them. Taylor Swift, in her rendition of the song, translates the piece in to a new genre of pop/country. The culture and history between these two groups of genres are very distinct, yet are connected by a similar song, even though sung by one artist.

Within my initial readings of Frederick Douglas’s narrative, I was quickly moved to a place of discomfort after reading about the horrific incidents he describes with immense details from his childhood. I kept reading through the book with the lingering question of WHY? Why am I reading this for a Voice, Noise, Sound Sense class? When I later read the article of Iggy Azalea, the comparison of how race affected these individuals was something that caught my attention. Although the inhumane actions of slavery can never compare to the racially motivated critiques that Iggy faced in her rise to fame within the rap game, the two connected in the fact that they both faced hardships due to racial predispositions. On the first page of Chapter I, in Douglas’s narrative he says, “The white children could tell their ages. I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege.” This lack of privilege was a racially driven practice that was forced into society’s mindset due to the subjectivity of black people during the mid to early 1800’s. Iggy cannot say that she too faced the same troubles, but can argue that the comments of her wanting “to be black” hindered her career quite a bit (Azalea 30). Again the presence of racially driven thoughts that have been imposed on society’s mindset to manipulate the way we see race and what we should expect from that specific race have continued to cause conflict in many people’s lives. Slavery was driven by the thoughts invoked into the minds of many from an early age and in turn continued to develop in society. The belief that being black must be expressed in actions, speech, and appearance continue to hinder the growth of society as a whole and have originated from slavery.

“The songs of the slave represent the sorrows of his heart.” In History class in high school, I was always taught that slaves sung as a way to come together and get through a brutal day’s work. The songs were a sign of communal strength, a sign that the slaves would let their hearts suffer while the rest of their bodies did. Yet, Douglass says the opposite. He claims that the songs of the slave exhibit the releasing of sorrow from the soul, that their true feelings and identities are portrayed in the songs. I began to understand this ideology even more after watching the Beyonce “Formation” video. Beyonce’s lyrics chronicling her own upbringing and how they have not left her current identity struck a chord with me. She had not forgotten where she came from, and lives with a purpose of remembering her roots. Douglass, like Beyonce, lives with the memory of his past and will not forget those struggles. Similar to the way people may misconstrue the identity of Beyonce as solely a rich, successful woman, they could do the same for Douglass, misrepresenting him as a freed slave who is just happy to be free and moves on with no difficulty.

In Stoever’s piece “The Sonic Color Line,” she addresses the idea of a “listening ear” and the “sonic color line.” The sonic color line can be explained as “the process of racializing sound” based on how people thing things should sound. With this idea comes the listening ear; it explains how society and culture teaches one how to listen. When we look at in the Narrative and the life of Fredrick Douglass’s, the slave songs can be interpreted using this idea of the sonic color line and the listening ear. The slave songs, “revealing at once the high joy and the deepest sadness,” were sang without any preparation or attention to timing for tune (Douglass 13). However, while fellow slaves could interpret the songs as songs of sadness, the white plantation owners did not. The sonic color line divides the society between blacks and white, causing meaning to shift on either side of the line. Douglass, a black slave, says, “I have sometimes thought that the mere hearing of those songs would do more to impress some minds with the horrible character of slavery, than reading of whole volumes of philosophy on the subject could do” (Douglass 13-14). He believes that these songs have more emotion and can portray more meaning to people than reading any book on slavery. While today, the sonic color line as progressed to allow many whites to hear the treachery of slavery in the songs, when they were singing, few whites could hear the true pain in the songs. Douglass explains how “every tone was a testimony against slavery, and a prayer to God for deliverance from chains” and how “[he] ha[s] frequently found [him]self in tears while hearing them” (Douglass 14). The songs hold more meaning for Douglass and his fellow Africain Americans who can more fully understand the struggle, having a listening ear that has been attuned to the hardships and oppression from whites. However, even despite progress, whites have still not developed a listening ear that is fully capable of understanding the slave songs. Will the sonic color line ever disappear and allow whites to understand the hardships of slavery?

At the beginning of the course, the sound was just a word that was debated by theorists. The theorists all sounded similar until we read Stoever, and she intertwined race and sound. She talks about all of the issues between race and sound; she writes about sounds aren’t always sounds. Stoever calls this rift between races in America, The Sonic Color Line, and she says that “the sonic color line connects sound with race in American culture, showing how listening operates as an organ of racial discernment, categorization, and resistance in the shadow of vision’s alleged cultural dominance.”(Stoever 4) Stoever says that the sonic color line is supposed to maintain the rift and tensions between the races in America. This is one of the many issues that Stoever brought up in the introduction of her book. Even though the topics of Stoever were brought up in class, there are still many questions that still need to be answered, in my personal opinion. The first question that comes to mind is, if there is an issue of racial tension through sound, then what is the solution to the issue? The reason I ask this is that throughout the paper this issue is brought up, but there is no clear solution to this issue.

In Jennifer Stoever’s The Sonic Color Line, she discusses how specific sounds can be related to race. There are many sounds, or even lack of sound, that can be connected to painful events in race relationships. Stoever mentions that “sometimes these exchanges [of sound] led to arguments, sometimes to deep conversations; most often they resulted in silence” (Stoever 9). She gives the example of the young girl getting pulled across the ground for not leaving the Spring Valley High School classroom and explains how this exchange of racism is met with silence from teachers and administrators who could have helped give the young girl justice for this harsh treatment. In fact not only was it met with silence, but this event was flipped around to show blackness as a “dangerous noise, outsized aggression, and a threatening strength” (Stoever 3). Every time one of these incidents occurs, it is always met with either silence or people with power over changes of the law assume that the victim is at fault due to racist misconceptions. Just like how the slaves sing most when they are unhappy in Douglass’s writing, the black community has been crying out for justice during these times of horrible pain, however they have been met with silence from society. This silence causes more pain and suffering so how do we help to strip away this sonic color line using sound instead of silence?

“That right there, the fact that you and so many white people have this same ‘black voice’ in their heads, is the sonic color line. And the listening ear explains your erroneous assumption that I would find this voice as funny and weird and sexual as you do because my skin color determines how I think.” (Stoever, 8)

 

“She doesn’t make sense as much as she makes noise, commuting a story not through words, but phonetic shapings that sound likeshe’s speaking some sort of alien tongue that she’s making up as she goes along, [or] likewords left out in the rain, their definition bleeding out into each other until there is nothing but a string of guttural utterances set to a pulsating beat Rihanna doesn’t need you to understand her, she just needs you to feel.” (Brian Moylan, W)

 

In her hit song, Work, Rihanna adopts a Jamaican patois dialect, slightly different from her native Bajan patois (which comes from Barbados). If you look at the lyrics for Work on genius.com, you will see that the moments when Brian Moylan suggests she has descended into “a string of guttural utterances,” are moments when she is most heavily utilizing patois. All this “noise” is, in fact, composed of words that have a meaning that Rihanna fully intends to convey. However, Jamaican patois, as a dialect, is something that Brian Moylan, a white, male, New York blogger whose main body of work is writing recaps of Real Housewivesepisodes for Vulture (subset of NYmag), has developed a listening ear(our developed, embodied listening practices which enforce the sonic color line) that cannot recognize Rihanna’s patois as language. Instead, he reduces Rihanna’s voice to “noise” to which he ascribes erotic, animal attributes (see the bold text above), fulfilling his white, male sexualized notions of Rihanna as an exotic, brown-skinned woman. Further, his listening ear feels entirely comfortable making these substitutions/reductions and publishing them online under his name. This is the type of “erroneous assumption” Stoever is talking about. Moylan is not writing this piece for black people, especially not black women, he is appealing to a white, male reader who he cannot help but be 100% certain will have heard the lyrics to Workin the same way that he did. A white, male reader who is in on the joke. A white, male reader whose listening hear has been tuned to the same frequencies.

 

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“white people melting rap and other genres of black pop music into something you could sing with your dorm friends around a campfire” (taken from Jia Tolentino, Jezebel):

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWe1ngNIypI

 

“Love me some RiRi but I do like this version better. you have an amazing voice….”

(YT user) Rachael Castillo

 

“She took the Caribbean out of it and now you white people love it. Nothing but the same old white washing here.” (YT user) Sophia Mendoza

The deeper implications of sound are often disregarded, brushed over. But beneath the surface of sound, there are deep, painful racial roots. In the introduction to Jennifer Lynn Stoever’s book The Sonic Color Line,  she discusses the issues and tensions between sound and race, and how sounds are often more than just sounds. “These sounds, heard and unheard, have stories. If we listen, we can hear resonances with other times and places: segregation’s hostile soundscapes, the obedient listening that whites expected of slaves, the screams and prayers of Frederick Douglass’s Aunt Hester” (Stoever 3). Just like the sad songs of the slaves in W.E.B. du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk, Stoever writes about how the sonic color line has resulted in the creation of two vastly different cultural contexts, on both sides of the line, with both sides containing deep feelings within sound. Though time has moved past slavery, the resentment still exists, just now in the confrontations with police officers regarding speeding tickets and the quiet student at her desk. A black person is to be neither too loud or too quiet, or else to upset the white person with a gun. So, how does this society move past this way of treating each other? Is there any way to wipe away the stories of the past of sound and to end this violence based around sound, or are we doomed to this violent sonic color line forever?